The diversity of lock-and-key devices, even among dragonflies, is interesting. The lock-and-key principle in the design of insect copulation apparatus, variations and biological significance has been reviewed to some extent in this study. The male appendages are designed to lock into species-specific grooves and notches on the female in order to secure attachment process during mating. With this, Inter-specific sexual activity is normally discouraged by the lock-and-key aspect of the attachment process. However, is this mechanism true even to closely related species (sibling species) where identification is often a dilemma? Have closely related species evolved distinct phenotypic forms leading to reproductive isolation? Hence, this study was conducted to describe the shape of the male appendages: upper (cerci) and lower (epiproct) which is said to be a useful diagnostic feature among species. This was done for the two problematic cosmopolitan Neurothemis species having different morphs using Elliptic Fourier Analysis (EFA). Results show considerable differences in the size and shape of the male appendages. Based on the Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) the four groups representing four morphotypes have considerable differences from each other especially in terms of the lower appendage (epiproct) indicating that variations in shapes of the appendages can be a result of different processes. It is hypothesized that differences in phenotypic form may provide evidence of genetic differentiation or that the evolution of extravagant male characters could be due to male-male competition, female choice or both processes.

The term approval motive, first introduced by Crown and Marlowe (1964), is a motivational orientation that actively seeks the approval of the community from the people who perform certain actions to acquire desirable evaluations from people who interact with them. What is implicitly evident in most social-psychological insights is that, the people with social approval respect others and looking for it. This study attempts to compare addict and non-addict youth from a new aspect via investigating approval motive which is an interaction of psychological and environmental (social) factors.

Nurses working shift scheduling is known as a challenging task for nursing managers. In this study a nursing scheduler computerized system is designed to prepare justice schedules in less time. Data is gathered from shift schedules and nursing manager\'s interview in a big educational and governmental hospital in Iran. The expert entity planning procedure transformed to mathematical functions and system was designed based on Genetic Algorithms programming.\nComparison between expert and system designed schedules resulted in 57% reducing of uniform arrangement cost and 93% time saving for nursing manager. Further investigations on designing a system which can be applied in various nursing wards with more constraints and flexibility are recommended.

Aims: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the production of aflatoxin B1 and extracellular protein patterns produced by A. flavus. \nStudy design: Aspergillus flavus is among of fungi that wide dispersal and its massive contamination on feed thus, inevitable to inhibit the growth of this fungus and subsequently production of aflatoxin. \nPlace and Duration of study: Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Malayer University, between August 2012 and March 2013.\nMethodology: The using by acetonic, ethanolic, water, methanolic, chloroform and ethyl ether extracts of Aloe Vera fresh leaves, Antitoxin activity of the extracts was evaluated by HPLC. Also, effect of extracts on extracellular proteins of Aspergillus flavus, analysed by SDS- PAGE technique.\nResults: The acetone extract of Aloe Vera were used to evaluate and study on Results obtained from HPLC analysis revealed the inhibition of aflatoxin production in 2000µL in 50mL group for 40.94% and in 2µL in 50mL group for 18.14%. The SDS-PAGE results showed that with decrease in fungal mycelium growth, the proteins production rate was also decreased. \nConclusion:From this study it can be concluded that acetone extracts of Aloe Vera can be effective in reducing aflatoxin B1 and extracellular proteins production rates by the fungus A. flavus.

ABSTRACT\nIt is argued that wings have contributed to the unparalleled success and diversity of insects such as the study of dragonfly flight’s evolutionary origin based on its structural design is of general interest. There is a long term hypothesis that wings are highly compartmentalized as shown by the major and minor veins separating the different compartments or modules and these modules can be viewed as ‘units of gene regulation’. Hence, the question whether the entire wing is a single module or whether the compartments are independent units somehow, still remained ambiguous. Are the different compartments \'units of gene regulation\' and is there genetic conservatism on the wings of the dragonfly? Thus, the study was conducted to delimit the spatial domain of developmental modules in the wings of two species of eurytopic Libellulid dragonflies. A priori models applying the tools of geometric morphometrics were constructed and statistically tested for the goodness of fit test (GoF) statistic by comparing the observed and expected covariance matrices. Jackknife support values for each variational model were also computed using γ* as the GoF statistic. Results showed fair consistency in the observed number and patterns of hypothesized developmental modules implying that the wings of these species of dragonflies are highly conserved. It is concluded that there is genetic conservatism in the morphological spaces in the wings of the two species.