During chronic pain, there is a glial reaction in the spinal cord characterized by hypertrophy, proliferation, and up-regulation of immunoregulatory molecules and other glia-to-neuron mediators. Many of these changes have also been observed in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats, a widely used animal model of human rheumatoid arthritis. One of these glial mediators is D-serine, a ligand for the glycine modulatory binding site of NMDA receptors, a receptor subtype that plays a key role in nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord during chronic pain. Also, we studied the functional contribution of glial cells in the spinal C-reflex and wind-up by challenging them with 2 nmol intrathecal (i.t.) fluorocitrate (FC). Results showed that FC presents an antinociceptive effect in the wind-up for both normal and monoarthritic rats. This effect was followed until 120 minutes after the i.t. FC application, showing a maximum maintained decrease in the wind-up scores (meaning antinociception) of around 60% in the normal rats and around 40% in the monoarthritic rats at around 90-120 minutes. The injection of D-serine (300 µM i.t.) at time 60 minutes in a different set of experiments showed a reverting in the antinociceptive effect in both normal and monoarthritic rats. For normal rats, there was a decrease in the antinociceptive effect of around 65%; for monoarthritic rats, around 99%. The C-reflex was not modified by the FC treatment in either normal or monoarthritic rats. The former due probably to the fact that the response at lower frequencies (enough to evoke the C-reflex) of the sural nerve electrical stimulation, involves the activation of AMPA/AMPA/Kainate receptors and not the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. We can conclude that the antinociceptive effect of FC is reverted by D-serine, indicating a possible modulatory effect of this gliotransmitter.

In this paper explain preparation of 2-Benzyl 5-Oxo 5-H 6 -R-amide derivatives 7-phenyl 1,3,4-thiadiazolo-[3,2-a]- pyrimidine through reaction of 2-Benzyl 5-Oxo 5-H 6- EthylCarboxilate 7- phenyl -1, 3,4 -thiadiazolo-[3,2-a]- pyrimidine with aminderivatives.The reactions are completed in Very short time with high yield. Interest in the synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives is due to their biological activities. The structures of all the newly synthesized compounds had been identified by elemental analysis, set NMR, 13C, IR- spectroscopy.

For explaining all of fines and crimes based on one exclusive theory the cause and effect relation should be considered more than others and the factors and the exigencies which are connected to different causes of crime should be examined because their contents are confirmative and each of them has a close relationship with another one. All around the history, human being has challenged for more information about his/her own environment and effects of its factors over human life and behavior and he/she has determined to discover the environmental and social motives of crime. Sociologists have proven that the basis lines of individual disposition and nature are made by milieu i.e. human organism would be whatever forms by the long arm of the society and it could be formed a powerful organism according to necessities in which by retiring and mortification and self-tension he/she can put in vain his/her own natural great utilities and even can end to his/her own life. Crime is a social-natural phenomenon. However, its reasons should be investigated among function of social constructions rather in psychological and individual manners or its related motives. Function of social construction imposes from outside to person and it grows up by individual conscience.

Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) has been reported from several plant species mostly halophytes as the most important enzyme responsible for salinity tolerance. We investigated its expression in an alfalfa cultivar, Gara-Yonjeh, widely cultivated in saline soils across Northwest of Iran. Five different NaCl concentrations 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM were examined using 30 seeds for each treatment. The Na+, K+, Ca2+ and proline concentration were measured in cotyledon and young roots of seven-day-old seedlings. Total RNA was extracted and the mRNA levels of P5CS2 (∆1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase) and BADH (hereafter MsP5CS2 and MsBD1, respectively) were determined using semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. MsBD1mRNA was reverse-transcribed and PCR amplified. The amplified MsBD1 DNAs was cloned. Our results showed that 150 mM NaCl was stress threshold. The cations and proline accumulation significantly increased by increasing NaCl concentration. The mRNA levels of MsP5CS2 and MsBD1 in both cotyledons and roots increased at 150 mM compared to control, but this expression was stronger in cotyledons for MsP5CS2 and in roots for MsBD1. A 1518 bp cDNA fragment of MsBD1, and its proposed (505) amino acid sequences isolated from Gara-Yonjeh showed high DNA and amino acid sequences homology with many BADH genes reported from several plant species.

The objective of this study was to know the effect of replacement of SMP with WPC70 on different physico-chemical, sensory and microbial quality whey protein enriched concentrated yoghurt. Preliminary trials carried out in our laboratory revealed that direct concentrated yoghurt can be prepared with 30% total solids (TS) containing 6.4% fat and 23.6% Solids not fat (SNF) which was comparable with control prepared with 14.0% TS having 3.0% fat and 11.0% SNF. To enrich concentrated yoghurt with whey protein, skim milk powder (SMP) was replaced with Whey protein concentrate (WPC70) at three different levels viz., 30, 40 and 50%. Sensory analysis revealed that yoghurt prepared by replacing 40 % SMP with WPC70 was comparable with control. As the level of replacement of SMP with WPC70 increased from 0 to 40%, physico-chemical properties like buffering capacity, syneresis, penetration value and time of setting also increased. Textural properties like consistency and firmness decreased from 829.62 to 281.50 g-sec and 363.09 to 260.75 g respectively. But adhesiveness and adhesive force increased from 11.94 to 16.97g-sec and 76.02 g to 91.14g respectively. There was no significant (P ≤ 0.05) change in the log counts of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus with increased level of replacement of SMP from 0 to 40%.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the motivational beliefs of preparatory class students to learn a foreign language. The research was carried out utilizing a mixed method where quantitative and qualitative data were used together. The sample chosen purposively consists of 211 students attending the School of Foreign Languages at Yıldız Technical University. As a quantitative data collection tool, the motivational beliefs dimension of “Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSQL)” was used. Qualitative data were collected via two open-ended questions which were asked to determine motivational beliefs of the students. Quantative data were analyzed via t-test and ANOVA statistics while qualitative data were analyzed through descriptive analysis. For quantitative results, the findings initially indicated that there was a significant difference in motivational beliefs between male and female students in favour of female students. Secondly, there was a significant difference in motivational beliefs associated with self-efficacy and test anxiety depending on English proficiency level of the students. Thirdly, the resource of motivation did not constitute a significant difference in motivational beliefs. Finally, qualitative findings revealed that an enjoyable learning atmosphere motivated the students to learn English.