A simple mathematical model was applied to quantify the relative contribution of allelopathy to interference against Raphanus sativus by Medicago sativa. The interference by M. sativa was assessed and the relative contributions of allelopathy and allelospoly to overall interference were modeled. Competitive interference by M. sativa was eliminated and there were high R² values (0.937, 0.939) in dry weight of shoot and root of R. sativus respectively. The contributions of competition and allelopathy to the interference by M. sativa were averaged as 13.5% and 86.5% at 6R, 23.74% and 75.37% at 12R and 3.9% and 96% at 18R in shoot dry weight, while 85% and 14.9% at 6R, 98.59% and 1.4% at 12R and 44.27% and 55.72% at 18R in root dry weight respectively. The agglomerative cluster analysis of the four samples (12R, 12R+E, 12R+12M and 12R+12M+E) showed two major clusters. This study suggested the complex effect of both components of interference (allelopathy and allelospoly) on the composition of vegetative proteins, and confirms the modeling results.

Human conflict with wildlife is a significant and growing conservation problem around the world. Human-Wildlife Conflict is defined as any interaction between humans and wildlife that results in negative impacts social, economic or cultural life, on the conservation of wildlife populations, or on the environment. With increasing human development, new roads, housing developments and natural resource extraction activities have caused major changes in the natural landscapes over the past few decades. Our present project to collect and review existing studies on human wildlife conflict incidents since 2012-2015. The results showed that 136 wildlife conflict incidence in various forms of human injuries, human death, crop raiding, livestock death and house damage etc. out of 93 (69%) damages, 32(34%) crop raiding, 51(55%) livestock death and 10(11%) house damages. Regarding total human attacks 28(21%) and 14(10%) death incidences caused the highest by tiger followed by wild gaur and elephants. Increasing sloth bear death incidents increasing especially noted in Nilgiri North division, Udhagamandalam, Tamilnadu, India.

The successive methanol extracts of both leaves and fruits of Aegle marmelos (L.)Correa were analyzed using LC/MS technique revealed the identification of eight compounds; classified into six alkaloids ,aeglemarmelosine,marmesiline, aegelinosides, shahidine, N-2-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl) ethylcinnamide and anhydromarmeline beside two flavonoids ,rutin and kampherol-3 o-rutinosides in leaves as well as identification of two alkaloid marmesiline and shahidine in fruits. The two extracts investigated for their efficiency in reducing CCl4 –induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Several biochemical markers were performed such as lipid profile including total cholesterol, (TC), High density lipoprotein –cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein –cholesterol (LDL-C), total lipid as well as phospholipids in mice serum .In addition , liver function enzyme activities , alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) . Total bilirubin level, total protein content and albumin level were also taken inconsideration, glycolytic enzyme activities. Moreover, lactate and succinate dehydrogenase (LDH and SDH) were investigated, the results obtained demonstrated, significant increase in lipid profile, liver function biomarkers in addition to glycolytic enzyme activities in CCl4 –induced hepatotoxicity. Histopathological examination was also performed to show lymphocyte infiltration and dilated as well as congested veins in intoxicated mice confirming the biochemical results. Treatment of intoxicated mice with leave and fruit Aegle marmelos extracts showed amelioration signs in biochemical findings as well as at cellular level. So, it could be concluded that both leave and fruit extracts can be used clinically for their potential effect as a hepatoprotective that normalized liver function biomarkers, hepatic architecture and restore physiologically status of the body especially against CCl4 intoxication

Studies of heavy metals concentrations in soil samples and edible vegetables (Telfaiferia occientalis and Vernonia amygdalina) were investigated in three core crude oil producing communities (Mkpanak, Ukpenekang and Inuayet Ikot) of Ibeno Local Government Area in Akwa Ibom State during the rainy and dry seasons and the control sites at Etinan L G. Area. .Each sample was replicated three times. The levels of heavy metals in the samples collected were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) Unicam 919 model. The concentrations of heavy metals in soil samples during dry season were higher than those recorded in the rainy season in all the sample locations. The concentrations of heavy metals observed in soil depth (0-15 cm) were significantly higher than those recorded in (16-30cm) soil depth. The concentrations of heavy metals in edible vegetables (Telfaiferia occientalis and Vernonia amygdalina) collected from the three core crude oil producing communities of Ibeno exceeded the maximum permissible limits values of heavy metals for edible vegetable as prescribed by FEPA and WHO. The soils and edible vegetables in the core oil producing communities of Ibeno are contaminated and may pose serious adverse effect to humans and the environment.

Peganam harmala Linn (P. harmala) is an indigenous plant of India .It is a highly branched\nand bushy perennial herb. Parts of the plant are known to possess therapeutic benefits. The\nplant is used locally in Indian medicine to cure various diseases. Stomach disorders, epilepsy\n,urinary and sexual disorders, , menstrual problems, psychological and nervous\nillnesses etc. The\nthe chemical study of the plant reveals that the plant contains important alkaloids( harmine,\nharmaline, harmalol and peganine), steroid(lanosterol and kryptogenin)and Fatty\nacids/volatile acids/fixed oil(palmitic, stearic, arachidic, behenic, oleic, linoleic acids, β-\nsitosterol) etc.\nBased on the comprehensive literature survey phytochemistry, pharmacognosy, toxicity data\nand medicinal uses were discussed. Scientific information of the plant was collected from\nvarious sources like electronic (Google scholar, pub med) and some old classical text books\nof ayurveda and ethnopharmacology, In addition the paper covers the literature, primarily\npharmacological, and important findings of the drug since last 25 years. This paper will be\nemerging tool for young researchers who want to start the meticulous research on P. harmala

Hemidesmus indicus belongs to the family Apocynaceae, which is used widely as an important medicinal plant. The extracts from the root are used as a coolant and a blood-purifier and is used in many forms. In the present study, emphasis was given on phytochemical screening of root extract and to select an elite species of the above plant with more number of phytochemicals. The plant material was collected from six geographical locations viz. Mahabubnagar, Warangal, Nalgonda, Nizamabad, Karimnagar and Adilabad, which are with different edaphic and climatic conditions of Telangana State, India are designated as site I to VI respectively. Fourteen phytochemicals were tested for their maximum and minimum presence and the extractions were prepared in aqueous, acetone, ethanol, petroleum ether and chloroform. The root extracts of plants collected from site-VI are showing maximum presence of phytochemicals than the other five sites. Production of some phytochemicals in one site and absence of the same in another site may be due to environmental induced production of certain phytochemicals or may be due to activation or suppression of certain genes producing the phytochemicals in particular environmental conditions. Hence, out of the plants collected from the above six sites, the plants of site-VI can be used to extract maximum number of phytochemicals.\n The present study helps future researchers and the academicians to collect the plant which yield more number of phytochemicals and further it opens a new era of research to quantify and extract the pure compound from the above site plants.

Polychlorinated biphenyls are a group of persistent organic pollutants (). These pollutants (PCBs) are a great environmental and human health concern. Phytoremediation is a strategy inexpensive and environmentally compatible. This technology reduces various types of pollutants. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls compounds on the number of bacteria in the rhizosphere of sorghum and onobrychis sativa.

Abstract: Scarcity of fossil energy sources on the earth is a large problem that people is facing. Maybe, human beings continue and expand for the future if they can correctly use of natural resources. This fact is threatened by population growth and other things. In this circumstance, the rule of architects and designers are more important than ever. They should use sustainable and renewable energy in buildings and avoid consume unsustainable energy. One of the climates on the earth is desert climate. Someone who lives in the desert areas not only doesn’t know how much Enormous amount of energy resources has around them but also wastes Large amounts fossil energy. In this paper, one is explaining sustainable energies that exist in the desert areas. The main objective of this paper is the way of using sustainable desert energy.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an inherited disorder of hemoglobin synthesis, characterized bylife long severe hemolytic anemia and vaso- occlusive crisis (VOC). Oxidative stress play important role in pathophysiology of sickle cell anaemia. Therefore, the present study is undertaken to demonstrate the oxidant-antioxidant status including serum lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) ,paraoxonase (PON), tumor necrosis factor –α (TNF-–α ) and vaso -endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in Egyptian children with sickle cell anemia. Thus, serum levels of MDA, TAC, PON, and TNF-α and VEGF were measured in 52 steady state children with homozygous sickle cell anemia (30 males and 22 females) and 25 apparently healthy age- and gender matched controls. The present results markedly declared , significant elevated serum MDA level, while, serum TAC and paraoxonase levels were significantly reduced in children with SCA patients as compared to control subject. On the other hand, cytokines levels, TNF-–α and VEGF levels were elevated significantly (P≤0.01) in SCA children as compared to normal control group. Significant differences in mean levels of MDA , TAC, PON, TNF-α and VEGF were detected in sickle cell anemia patients treated with hydroxyurea (HU) as compared to untreated one . A significant negative correlation between PON level was found to be positively correlated with patients’ weight and BMI (r =−0.3, p = 0.02; r =−0.8, p < .001, respectively), but not with frequency of VOC. The area under the curve of serum PON in predicting occurrence of VOC was0.722 and 0.650 for TAC (p = 0.007). Serum MDA was not correlated with, PON and TAC. No significant correlations were detected between serum MDA, TAC , PON and TNF-α and VEGF levels . Thus ,it could be concluded that , these observations provide the evidence of imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant status leading to chronic oxidative stress associated with increased VOC frequency, decrease in PON level as well as increase cytokine levels in these patients, which is an interesting element need further study.

The purpose of this paper is to benchmark department chairs administrative practices in Saudi universities in comparison with international universities considering the following management practices: 1) Selection process and appointment criteria; 2) Responsibilities and powers; 3)Performance evaluation. The researcher used “analysis of the literature,” and “questionnaires” to identify the practices. The result indicated that in Saudi Universities department chairs appointment is limited to internal faculties in the department and the demonstration of leadership and managerial was the least important criteria in selection while it was the highest in international universities.\nThe analysis found that most of the studies are supporting the international universities results and there was a lack of studies identifying the Saudi department chairs administrative practices. Finance and powers of the department chairs are limited in Saudi universities comparing to international universities. Performance evaluation in Saudi universities is focusing on the teaching performance considering the faculty evaluation policy (Rules and Regulations of the Ministry of Higher Education). This paper also acknowledges its limitations, future research directions, and research contribution.

The present work investigates the Phytochemistry and antibacterial activities of stem bark extract of B. abyssinica by disc diffusion method. The stem bark of B. abyssinica was extracted with increasing gradient of organic solvents (n- hexane, dichlomethane, ethyl acetate and methanol). Phytochemistry results confirmed the presence of four compounds whose structures were elucidated by NMR. All the four compounds isolated are known and have been reported in this plant but their bio activities have not been reported. These compounds include: sitosterol, sitosterol glucoside, stigmasterol, and lupeol. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of crude stem bark extracts as well as the isolated compounds of B. abyssinica via disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholerae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed activities in both microorganisms. B. abyssinica methanol stem bark extract exhibited much higher antibacterial activity against the tested pathogenic bacteria. The dichloromethane extract showed mild and moderate activity. Results have proved that B.abyssinica stem bark possess antibacterial activity. It is concluded that B. abyssinica contains secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria and Gram negative bacteria. Drug resistance among bacterial species is a serious problem in public health thus the discovery and development of new antimicrobial drugs from plants is among the most exciting areas of pharmacological research (Vennerstrom and Bergie, 2004). The present study extends the efforts of discovering drug templates from a Kenyan plant. The present study extends the efforts of discovering drug templates from a Kenyan plant. The results of evaluating antibacterial activities of B. abyssinica extracts revealed that.