The decline of quality of public spaces as a product of the rapid growth of cities caused citizens dissatisfaction, and so to have complications such as mental depression which leads to various forms of Chaos and destruction of cites. In such condition most of scholars send architectural and urbanism theorists talked about an approach for relaxation and to have social interaction, to achieve “the desired goal of urban life”. Some social, cultural, and physical limits caused that women couldn\'t be in those places or they may not be willing to be there. In this article we tried to review different ideas and experiences about urban public places, and by this we check the necessity of the existence and its functions, and then we will talk about the limitations of women in the spaces and also the conditions of gender discrimination of a space. The results show that features such as utility access, relaxation , uses and activities , and also the sociability of space , attracts citizen s specially women, and it can lead to the establishment of some sort of sexual justice. Vis- a-vis, factors such as socio-political policies, the way of designing the space, and defining the usage of it, limits the usage of social spaces.

Amos Rapoport, based on his anthropology approach, believed that the space origins from the human body and influences on human body mutually. As a holistic approach in architecture, Contextualism describes a collection of views in philosophy which emphasize the context in which an action, utterance, or expression occurs, and argues that, in some important respect, the action, utterance, or expression can only be understood relative to that context. \nIn this approach, the main goal – studying the role of cultural component in the Contextualism construction shaping up, based on Amos Rapoport’s anthropology approach- has being done by descriptive- analytic method. \nThe results of the research indicates that in the field of Contextualism designing, referring to the cultural aspects are as necessary as the physical dimensions of a construction. \nRapoport believes that the shape of a construction is influenced by cultural aspects and he suggests a kind of mutual interaction between human and environment that should be considered in housing. \nThe mail goal of contextual architecture is to establish an interaction between environment, human and culture. According to this approach, a desirable design should be in harmony with this approach.

Due to the high potential of petrochemical industry in the creation of environmental impact, environment impact assessment of the development of petrochemical industry is very important. The aim of this study is to provide and test a fuzzy model for environmental impact assessment of petrochemical industries as a decision support system in planning process and the development of petrochemical industry. To test this model, the Lorestan province was chosen as the study area. In order to assess the impact of petrochemical industry in Lorestan, the combination of RIAM method and fuzzy theory was used. First, using check lists and holding meetings with experts, the type of petrochemical industry impacts on environmental factors was determined. Next, the effects of project activities on environmental factors were scored, the fuzzy scoring was done using defined criteria in MATLAB software. Environmental components considered in the method used were divided into 4 main factors including physical-chemical, biological-ecological, social-cultural and economic-functional and 33 sub-factors, assessment of non-implementation, construction and operation stage was carried out individually. The results show the most important environmental impacts of petrochemical projects, water and soil pollution, air and noise as well as its socio-economic consequences. The results showed that the operation in petrochemical industry will create more important implications than the construction stage, some of them in terms of lack of control and environmental management, are irreversible and damaging.

Study area is located in collision zone of Arabic plate and central Iran and located in High Zagros belt in Zagros orogenic belt. In this Research it has been tried, with field study and measurement of structural data and analysis of the recorded data, considered structural style in the internal zone and external zone and relationship between them in transition zone of Zagros orogeny. According to results, internal zone in study area including metamorphic rocks and affecting the several progressive deformation phase and structures created in inclined transpression model. Most deformation occurs between main Zagros recent fault and main Zagros reverse fault in edge of internal and external zone of Zagros orogeny. Away from to internal and external zone decrease the intensity of deformation. Several splay developed in main Zagros recent fault in study area and movements Created latest structures in high Zagros. Main Zagros recent fault splay situated between Dorud and Farsan segments and incurred complexity in deformation in study area. Underlapping releasing stopover model suitable for create main Zagros recent splays fault in high Zagros belt-south of Aligoudarz. In this area Ize fault zone (Hendijan fault) in east edge of Dezfoul embayment with nearly N-S strike and parallel to Kazeron Fault connected to main Zagros recent fault.

El objetivo de la presente investigación es evaluar y analizar las causas de la pobreza en Colombia, de tal manera que facilite una propuesta de políticas públicas encaminadas a dar solución a esta problemática. Ello se hará utilizando un modelo econométrico de respuesta cualitativa, Probit en este caso, sobre información socioeconómica recabada mediante encuestas del tipo calidad de vida en la ciudad de Montería (Colombia). El estudio y las propuestas de solución al fenómeno de la pobreza se hace imperioso en un país como Colombia, en donde el 30% de los hogares están clasificados en pobreza monetaria y casi la mitad de los hogares adolecen de servicios públicos esenciales reflejando altas tasas de pobreza multidimensional lo que se traduce en la mala calidad de vida que tiene el 50% de los hogares colombianos, por lo cual es importante el abordaje de este tema. Se concluye que la pobreza sin embargo, se asocia indefectiblemente a una mala calidad de vida (deficiente bienestar social). En Colombia existen dos medidas oficiales de pobreza según el DANE, las cuales son pobreza monetaria y pobreza multidimensional, los índices de pobreza en Colombia, según ambas medidas, son tan altos que ubican a Colombia entre los países más pobres de Latinoamérica, por lo que resulta claro que se trata de una problemática seria que precisa propuestas e ideas que permitan moderarla y/o eliminarla en el mediano plazo. El modelo probabilístico Probit aplicado a datos de la encuesta tipo calidad de vida realizada en la ciudad de Montería en Colombia, una de las ciudades con mayores índices de pobreza en el país, resulta apropiado y explica de manera conveniente el fenómeno de la pobreza en Colombia.

La relación entre diferentes variables socioeconómicas y la pobreza monetaria en la ciudad de Montería en el año 2012 se puede estudiar adecuadamente siguiendo trabajos similares a los de Juan José Alvarado y Adriana Silva Arias y otros, a través de un análisis de regresión binomial, en el cual la variable dependiente [Hogar pobre] toma solo dos valores [1 en caso de que el hogar se encuentre en condición de pobreza monetaria y 0 en caso contrario]. Para corroborar lo anterior, en el presente trabajo se estimó un modelo Probit que pertenece a la clase de modelos de respuesta cualitativa, con información de corte transversal proveniente de encuestas tipo calidad de vida. Los resultados revelan las características de los hogares de la ciudad de Montería que tienen mayores probabilidades de encontrarse en situación de pobreza.